AP College Chemistry

• Course Overview

The Atom and Its Structure

• Atomic Structure:
  • Subatomic particles
  • Atomic number and mass number
  • Isotopes
  • Electron configuration
• Periodic Trends:
  • Atomic size
  • Ionization energy
  • Electron affinity
  • Electronegativity
• Moles and Molar Mass:
  • Avogadro's number
  • Mole calculations
  • Empirical and molecular formulas

Chemical Bonding

• Ionic Bonds:
  • Formation of ionic compounds
  • Lattice energy
  • Properties of ionic compounds
• Covalent Bonds:
  • Lewis structures
  • Bond polarity
  • Resonance structures
  • Molecular geometry (VSEPR theory)
• Intermolecular Forces:
  • Van der Waals forces
  • Hydrogen bonding
  • Ionic interactions
  • Properties of substances based on intermolecular forces

States of Matter

• Kinetic Molecular Theory:
  • Gas laws (Boyle's, Charles's, Avogadro's, Ideal Gas Law)
  • Properties of gases, liquids, and solids
  • Phase changes and phase diagrams
• Solutions:
  • Types of solutions
  • Concentration units
  • Colligative properties

Chemical Reactions

• Types of Chemical Reactions:
  • Combination, decomposition, single-replacement, double-replacement, combustion, acid-base, redox
• Stoichiometry:
  • Balanced chemical equations
  • Mole ratios
  • Limiting reactants
  • Theoretical and percent yield
• Net Ionic Equations:
  • Spectator ions
  • Identifying net ionic equations

Kinetics

• Reaction Rate:
  • Factors affecting reaction rate
  • Rate laws
  • Reaction order
  • Rate constants
• Collision Theory:
  • Activation energy
  • Potential energy diagrams
• Reaction Mechanisms:
  • Elementary steps
  • Rate-determining step
  • Catalysts

Thermodynamics

• Energy and Enthalpy:
  • Exothermic and endothermic reactions
  • Enthalpy of formation
  • Hess's law
• Calorimetry:
  • Heat capacity
  • Calorimeter calculations
• Entropy and Gibbs Free Energy:
  • Spontaneous processes
  • Entropy
  • Gibbs free energy
  • Relationship between enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy

Equilibrium

• Equilibrium Constant:
  • Kc and Kp
  • Le Chatelier's principle
• Solubility Equilibria:
  • Solubility product constant (Ksp)
  • Precipitation reactions
• Acid-Base Equilibria:
  • pH and pOH
  • Acid-base titrations
  • Buffers

Acids and Bases

• Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases:
  • Acid-base reactions
  • pH and pOH
  • Acid-base indicators
• Acid Strength:
  • Ka and pKa
  • Factors affecting acid strength
• Buffers:
  • Buffer solutions
  • Buffer capacity

Applications of Thermodynamics

• Electrochemistry:
  • Galvanic cells
  • Electrolytic cells
  • Standard reduction potentials
  • Faraday's law
• Thermodynamic Control:
  • Gibbs free energy and spontaneity
  • Kinetic control
• Entropy and the Universe:
  • Second law of thermodynamics
  • Entropy of the universe